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Xiahou Ying (; died 172 BC), Posthumous name as Marquis Wen of Ruyin, was a Chinese official who served under Liu Bang (Emperor Gaozu), the founding emperor of the Han dynasty, and two of his successors. A friend of Liu Bang, he first joined Liu in the rebellions against the Qin dynasty from 209 to 206 BC, and later fought on Liu's side against his rival Xiang Yu during the Chu–Han Contention (206–202 BC). After the Han dynasty was established, he served as Minister Coachman (). He is also referred to as "Lord Teng" (), a title said to be derived from tengling fengche (), the position he held when he was serving as the carriage driver of the magistrate of Tengzhou.
On one occasion, Liu Bang pulled a prank on Xiahou, causing him to be injured. The county magistrate found out about the incident and ordered an investigation. Under the law of the Qin dynasty at the time, Liu Bang would be punished more severely than a civilian because he was an officeholder, albeit a low-ranking one. When Liu Bang and Xiahou were both taken in for questioning, they denied each other's involvement in the incident. The case was initially closed but it was reopened when a new magistrate took office and it was discovered that Xiahou had lied. Although Xiahou was arrested, flogged hundreds of times, and imprisoned for over a year, he still continued to cover up for Liu Bang.
When Liu Bang was attacking Huling (; northeast of present-day Longgu Town, Pei County, Jiangsu), Xiahou and Xiao He managed to persuade the Qin officer guarding Huling to surrender to Liu Bang. For his achievement, Xiahou was promoted to a fifth-grade official ().
Between 209 and 206 BC, Xiahou joined Liu Bang's rebel group in attacking Qin forces at various locations: Dang County (), Jiyang () and Yongqiu (), all in present-day eastern Henan; Dong'e (; present-day Liaocheng, Shandong); Puyang County; Kaifeng; Luoyang; Nanyang; Lantian County; and Zhiyang (; east of present-day Xi'an, Shaanxi). During battle, he was known for driving his chariot at high speed and striking at the enemy with sheer ferocity. In one battle at Kaifeng, he captured 68 enemy soldiers, received the surrender of 850 others, and obtained a box of golden seals. For his achievements, he was consecutively promoted to zhibo () and later zhigui (). Liu Bang also gave him the title "Lord Teng" (), which he became commonly referred to as.
After the Qin dynasty was overthrown by the rebels in 206 BC, the former Qin Empire was divided into the Eighteen Kingdoms, each ruled by a rebel leader or surrendered Qin general. Liu Bang became the King of Han () and was given a domain in the remote Bashu region (present-day Chongqing and Sichuan). He appointed Xiahou as Minister Coachman () and made him the Marquis of Zhaoping ().
When Liu Bang first moved into Bashu, many of his followers lost faith in him and deserted. Disappointed that Liu Bang did not appreciate his talent, Han Xin left as well. Upon hearing of Han Xin's departure, Xiao He rushed off to find him and bring him back. Xiahou followed after them, caught up with them, and, together with Xiao He, managed to convince Han Xin to return to Liu Bang. Finally recognising Han Xin as a valuable asset, Liu Bang appointed him as a general.
In 205 BC, when Liu Bang was defeated by Xiang Yu at the Battle of Pengcheng and forced to retreat, he fled with his son and daughter on a carriage driven by Xiahou. During their retreat, they were pursued by the enemy so Liu Bang panicked and attempted to abandon his children in order to lighten the carriage and allow it to move faster. Each time he tried to force his children off the carriage, Xiahou stopped him and picked them up again. Liu Bang was so furious with Xiahou that he threatened to kill him each time he did that, but Xiahou pleaded with him not to abandon the children. Eventually, they managed to escape and Xiahou safely delivered Liu Bang's children to their base in the Guanzhong region.
During Liu Bang's reign, Xiahou accompanied the emperor into battle against some vassal kings who had rebelled against the emperor. In 200 BC, he also covered Liu Bang as the emperor retreated after the Han forces were defeated by the Xiongnu at the Battle of Baideng.
In 180 BC, following Empress Lü's death, the Lüs were ousted from power and exterminated. Xiahou, along with others, supported the restoration of the Lius to power and aided Liu Heng (Emperor Wen), another of Liu Bang's sons, in becoming emperor.
Xiahou continued serving under Emperor Wen until his death in 172 BC; he was given the Posthumous name "Marquis Wen" ().
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